An Oligopoly is a market sector in which very few firms compete or dominate. It is a highly concentrated market. It does not mean there are just two, three, or four competitors. In fact, there could be dozens of them. However, there are only a few dominant ones.
For example, let’s suppose a market has fifty competitors. However, the top three dominate 90% of the market. That market is an oligopoly.
Do not confuse the term with oligopsony, which is a market with few buyers and many sellers.
The dominant players in an oligopoly often work together. In other words, they collude. They collude as if they were a single monopoly, and try to fix minimum prices. They also try to fix output volumes and other terms of business.
The presence of dominant players in an oligopoly often leads to innovative product development as firms strive to outperform their limited number of competitors.
Sometimes, the oligopolists opt for non-price competition – where their prices stay the same, and they compete using other factors. Perhaps they compete in packaging, customer service, or special delivery options. In these cases, their aim is to avoid a cut-throat price war.
Oligopoly – collusion
Companies in oligopolies frequently collude in an attempt to stabilize an unstable market. They do this to minimize the risks inherent in these markets for product development and investment. In most countries, there are legal restrictions on such collusion.
For a firm to be colluding illegally, the authorities must catch it communicating with a rival. In many cases, there is no formal or observable collusion taking place.
Sometimes, a market becomes an oligopoly because the dominant players collude to minimize competition. For example, they manipulate prices and raise barriers to entry.
In the majority of oligopolies, each dominant rival is aware of what every player is doing. They are aware because there are so few of them. Therefore, keeping an eye on each other is relatively easy.
Game theory states that the decisions of one major player in an oligopoly influences all the others’ decisions. It also works the other way round.
When an oligopolist is considering planning and strategy, it must take into account how its rivals are likely to respond.
Oligopoly – examples
At the time of writing this article, these are some of the most well known oligopolies in the US and UK:
The United States
- – Movie Studios: there are hundreds of them across the country. However, eighty-seven percent of all film revenues come from just six dominant players.
- – TV and Fast Internet: five firms dominate nearly the whole US market. The dominant companies are Comcast, Viacom, CBS Corporation, News Corporation, and the Walt Disney Company.
- – Mobile Phone Communications: – eighty-nine percent of the market is controlled by just four wireless providers. The providers are AT&T Mobility, Verizon Wireless, Sprint Nextel and T-Mobile.
The United Kingdom
- – Supermarket Chains: four companies – Morrisons, Sainsbury’s, Asda and Tesco – control 74.4% of the grocery market.
- – High-Street Banks: this sector is dominated by Natwest, Lloyds, Santander, Barclays, and HSBC.
- – Detergent Market: this is a duopoly. In other words, there are just two major suppliers. The suppliers are Unilever and Procter & Gamble. The two multinationals control more than four-fifths of the nation’s detergent market.
- – Electricity Distribution: EDF Energy, Centrica, RWE npower, Scottish Power, E.on, Scottish and Southern Energy (SSE) control 95% of the market.
The World
Oligopolies do not exist just within countries, but also in whole continents and across the globe.
Globally, there are three dominant computer operating systems – Linux, Mac OS and Windows. They control virtually the whole desktop computer market.
In the smartphone and tablet markets, Google Android and Apple iOS together have more than 90% global market share.
Oligopoly – Herfindahl-Hirschman Index
The Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI) Index or Herfindahl Index measures the extent to which market share is controlled by a few or many competitors. The Index measures the market concentration of the fifty largest companies in an industry. The Index aims to determine whether there is healthy competition or imperfect competition in that sector.
We calculate the HHI by squaring the market share of each player and summing the resulting numbers. For example, if there are four competitors with market shares of 30, 30, 20 and 20 percent, the HHI is 2,600 (the sum of 302 plus 302 plus 202 plus 202).
The HHI score can range from very near zero – more than 100 similar-sized competitors – to 10,000 – a monopoly.
A monopoly has 100% share of the market: 1002 = 10,000. A market with 100 competitors of similar size would be calculated as follows: 12 x 100 = 100. The larger the score, the more imperfect a market is.
According to the Department of Justice, markets with an HHI score ranging from 1,500 to 2,500 are typically viewed as moderately concentrated, while those with scores above 2,500 are considered highly concentrated.
The HHI provides a quantifiable method of assessing market structures, offering a clear view of the competitive landscape and the potential for monopolistic or oligopolistic dominance.